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A Liberal Comment on the 1959 Kerkuk Massacre Posted by: cetinbayatli at 2005-04-01
A Liberal Community in a Socialist Country
Within the framework of the title I have given, I would like to seek answers to the questions of “Why couldn’t the Turkmens exceeding 3 million in number not organize in Iraq?” Why did they not initiate any armed struggle and request to be the part of any political organization during the Baas Regime?” Let us analyze the situation of Iraq at that time from the point of World Politics.
The competition to gain arms/power/supporters as a result of the dualities, which come across especially after the Second World War (the cold war period) was observed on all parts of the world in a serious manner. After the movements of independence, another factor that was dominant in the regional politics of the Middle East was the logic of Cold War. While the conflict between the US and the Soviet Union was going on, the conflicts of interest were transformed into a period of conflict named as the cold war, which was caused by nuclear threats. 12 March 1947, which is the date when the Truman doctrine was announced, is accepted as the beginning of the Cold War era. The world was divided into two poles in opposite parts and this logic was behind the world until 1989 when the Wall in Berlin was knocked down.
Each block has determined its own external politics and defense strategy within this framework. (1) If we are to explain these indirect conflicts under brief headings, all of the events to cited hereunder in this paragraph are caused by the conflicts between these two global forces: The Pig Gulf Transfer in 1961, The missile crisis in Cuba in 1962, The Korean Crisis in 1950-1953 (north, south Korea) (3) etc. As some of the countries in the Middle East took place in the “continment” defense strategy of the US, polarization became inevitable. Turkey, Iran and Iraq established the Baghdad Pact in 1955 upon proposal of US in order to prevent any possible Soviet attack. Turkey, which is among one of the most important allies of the US is also a member of the North Atlantic Defense Pact (NATO=. The Baghdad Pact that caused a reaction of the Soviets caused the anti-imperialist atmosphere in the region to become even more widespread.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, when the Nasırist and National trends during the era of 1955 are taken into consideration, the loneliness of Iraq in the Arabic world '1 See: Erasad Hürmüzlü, Torkuman we al-watan al Iraqi p171' became more distinctive. When the Haşimi Union between Jordan and Iraq are added to this loneliness, the Kingdom was ended by General Kasım and Abdul-Selam Arif on 14.07.1958 with a bloody coup. The communists were now on stage as a result of this. (5). Meanwhile the Russian President Khrushchev was threatening NATO at each opportunity. Then the US placed nuclear missiles in England in December 1957. Afterwards, 6 months later, when the NATO soldiers arrived in Lebanon to support an event in Lebanon in July 1958, the Russian Government sent an official warning to US and England, reminded the atomic power of the Soviet Union and stated that if the American Forces initiated any action against Iraq, the 6th Squadron of the US would be transformed into a melted steel mass. (6) When we analyze this era, we face the Kerkuk Massacre of 1959 which is of interest to the World and the Iraqi Turkmens. We should carefully analyze the evidences about that era:
The Massacre in Kerkuk was directed only against Turkmens
Extinguishing the Turks in Iraq had been one of the main goals of the Soviet Union in that era. Fighting against being Turk was very important for the Soviet Union. The most distinctive reason for this is the fact that the largest land of the Soviet Union was Turkish land. The domestic policy of the Soviet Union was to divide and control nations in order to preserve the artificial borders.
The central government was an onlooker to the Kerkuk massacre in 1959 When the political problems lived in Iraq between 1950 and 1959 are observed, it should be noted that Iraq was initially lined with the West (during the rise of US and the Soviet Union) and then it was in line with Russia. The “Hashimi Union” between Iraq and Jordan in 1958 caused significant reactions in the Arab World. The official policy against West as of 14.07.1958 was the beginning of the ethnic policies based on ethnic basis. Hence, in the provisional constitution of the Republican regime declared for the first time in Iraq, the equality of citizens were violated and it was emphasized that Arabs and Kurds were partners of Iraq. (7) In this manner, other nations living in Iraq were disregarded and were kept subject to a treatment of a second class citizen.
As a result, when we analyze the political history of Turkmens, it is not possible to come across any socialist movement. The struggle of Turkmens is based solely on peaceful characteristics and some sections still criticize this matter. Peaceful methods are generally a characteristic of “liberal/liberalistic” societies. However, “As long as dominant opinions are mandatory for everyone, they have put a constraint on the desire of persons to learn. The beliefs of the majority and their moral considerations closed the way for innovators.” (8) Similarly the famous sociology professor Alexis de Tocqueville mentions the “ideal type of the democratic society” in his book named American Democracy. According to this book, the fact that democratic societies are not devoted to fighting does no mean that they can not fight. Tocqueville was thinking that they would may be fight and with the fear of war, centralization, which is seen to be successful everywhere will gain speed with the success achieved. (9) In this way, the dark period started in Iraq and the only society that displays the characteristics of liberal morality is being taken under pressure by despot administrations and is being ignored. The main goal in here was to extinguish the Turkish identity in Iraq by preventing a possible Liberal movement. If we summarize, the Turkmens in Iraq is not a society displaying the “culture of violence”. For instance, it is possible for a society to use violence for solving the problems of a culture. (10) This feature of the culture is a potential as well and it prepares the basis for this condition. For instance, tendency of traditional violence is seen in Corsica (France). (11) The nature of the Turkmens in Iraq is different from all the other societies/nations in the region. The form of struggle of the Turkmens in Iraq was no bloody as that of the French* and Russian societies. They were suppressed by liberal forces without being distinguished. The only humanist liberal society in Iraq is that of the Turkmens. “As the duration of the war gets longer an d as it tears off citizens from their jobs and lives and as their enterprises become unsuccessful, the passion that links them with peace may sometimes shift to arms…” (12) The Turkmens in Iraq are conscious that happiness cannot be built on “blood” and they hate war. Anyhow, societies that have despotic tendencies make themselves known by the methods they adopt during their internal transitions and changes.As a matter of fact, the Turkmens have revealed their peaceful position in this respect. This is not something to be embarrassed of or to be resented. The democratic potential in the Turkmens should come into light at once and must have a distinctive role in the restructuring of Iraq.
To conclude, the importance attached to the Kerkuk massacre in this article is the fact that it has a global characteristic. In fact, many massacres have taken place in Iraq but must of those massacres were of “national” characteristics and were tied to a single source. Source in this article means the dictator leader of Iraq and the massacres made during the war. In short, the massacres made against societies and nations other than the Turkmens result form power problems in the national context. The difference of the Kerkuk massacre however is the fact that it is the focus of global conflict. Because, Turkmens in this area to the contrary of other nations were massacred because of their liberal/liberalist structure.
Note: ٭ Read the opinions of Charles James Fox (1789) and his colleague Edmund Burke in that period foe this subject. See: Kenneth Minogue; Politics and despotism. Liberte, Page: 94,2002
(1) TURAN, Ömer, THE MIDDLE EAST, The point where history begins, Step ajans, P<254-255
(2) LANGLOIS, Georges, history of the 21st century, Nehir Printhouse, 2000, p 373.
(3) W.H.Mc Neill, The World History, İmge p 576
(4) TURAN Ömer, A.g.c.p.255
(5) KETANE, Muhammed, Al-Turk we Al-Arab, Tushki, P338, Ankara, 2001
(6) CRAIGE, Gordon, GEORGE, Alexender, FORCE AND STATEGRAF, NY, p122, 1983
(7) AL-HİRMİZİ, Ershad, The Turkmen and Iraqi Homeland, Kerkuk Foundation, p 28-29, Istanbul, 2003
(8) F.A. Hayek; The Path of Slavery, Liberte, 1999, P20
(9) ARON, Raymond, Phases of Sociological Thought, Bilgi Printhouse, p 189
(10) DÖNMEZER, Sulhi, Criminology, 8th Edition, Istanbul, Beta, 1984, Quotation from this book: Hamide Zafer: Terrorism With Its Sociological Dimension, Beta 1998, p 23
(11) Hamide Zafer, A.g.c. p 23
(12) See: OC,C,I,2 book, page 283, taken from this source: R.A.Ag c.s. 189
Comment
The terrorists of Iraq, The Bandit Countries and Freedom!
Posted by:
cetinbayatli
at
2005-04-01
Following the operation made to Iraq by the coalition powers, we witnessed various news of speculative nature in the press. Nobody knows where and what the reality is while exaggerations and anti-American publications are all around! It is as if a person named Saddam never lived in this world! Massacres were not made in Iraq! It’s as if some did not die while refugees around five million were fleeing from the country! It’s as if Kuwait was not occupied! It1s as if compulsory migrations and massacres were not imposed on the Turkmen, Kurd and Arab nations! …etc.
It is not possible to answer what the reality is without forgetting all these. However, especially the Iraqi people in exile in the lead, they are trying to come up with an explanation for the existing situation by forgetting the acts of the Saddam regime. If there is a single party bringing freedom to Iraq that is the coalition powers led by US. This is a fact. I know how important freedom is. Freedom comes first for a real person. Unfortunately, the people of Iraq are not aware of the freedom they live. For this reason, it is not very easy to hear explanations supporting freedom from the political actors in Iraq today as they are not used to it! I feel very sorry to express the population, although a small part of if, wants “pressure”. It does not mater whether it’s from right or left! The suggestions made have always been based on restricting the right of “the other”. What lies on the basis of the quarrels is the logic of “How do I get hold of the power of government in Iraq. When this is the case, the shortest way to power is “populism”! It is very difficult to talk about a political methodology in Iraq. Anyhow, the population is apolitical! The settlement of a liberal movement is very difficult or almost impossible in such a political environment. As this was not possible, terrorists started to be called as “boycotters” and murderers as “combatants”! Those attacking the United Nations, hospital, electricity power plant, petroleum pipeline, American troops were called as “boycotters”! Those attacking the Iraqi police, members of foreign companies, truck drivers, ministers of the state and political leaders started to be called a “combatants” and the press led the population to believe in this way! What lies on the basis of this fact is the anti-American trend in the press! Iran and Syria, two countries supporting terrorism are the neighbors of Iraq and this is bad luck for those supporting freedom in Iraq. The terrorists coming from Syria and Iran are supported by the anti-American press-media propaganda and are continuing to destroy Iraq, hence the people of Iraq in the name of religion and nationalism. The terrorists are supported by means of accommodation and moral assistance through the propaganda of the press and they also get monetary support from bandit countries such as Iran and Syria. Well! What do the bandit countries contribute to peace? While Iran develops missiles to hit the Israeli land and challenges the US and Israel, Syria continues to occupy Lebanon! (1) (As far as I can see) nobody tells that the target of these missiles is Israel, and they constitute a threat for the national security of Turkey! To what extent is it true not to see the imperialist ambitions of Iran and Syria? It is not a consequence that both Iran and Syria use the problem of Palestine. Iran uses the problem of Palestine and armaments itself by using the funds provided by the sentimental Muslims living in Europe and rich countries in order to hide its national problems (cased by theological management) and become the leader of the Islamic world. Syria on the other hand, uses the same method to get monetary and moral support from the nationalist Arab world and legitimates the occupation of Lebanon (2) helps and supports terrorists. Syria has helped and supported the terrorists of PKK that has caused a lot of damage for Turkey for many years.
To whose people asking questions such as “Well! What answer will you give for what happened in the Abu- Garip prison? Was this what the American democracy was about?” I will express that I condemn torture and I will tell them to pay attention to the matters indicated below: 1. Of course, the things that have been lived there is a disgrace for humanity, however, to what extent is it true to blame the American management because of the acts of a group of perverted soldiers? 2. Was it not the Western democracy that allowed the photographs of the tortures to be published? In the event that the same event had taken in any Arab country, which Arab channel or newspaper would have the courage to display those photographs? 3. Did you condemn the Saddam regime that has forced the Muslim population to migrate and exterminate them by chemical weapons before condemning the American soldiers? How many demonstrations took place against Saddam? How many suicide attacks were made against the troops of Saddam? I wonder if those that were killed were not Muslims. 4. Was Saddam not doing the same torture? Well the only difference is that Saddam was awarding those soldiers with medals while the American nation is punishing them. 5. America can not bring democracy if the population in Iraq does not want it. America prepares/tries to prepare the conditions necessary for the implementation of democracy. The backbone of this is to destroy the dicta regime of Saddam and to win back the international prestige of the administration in Iraq, which has been lost long ago. It should not be forgotten that democracy is a culture, a way of living.
The current and the future American management knows by heart that:
It is not possible to bring peace to Iraq and Palestine without making a fundamental change in the administration of bandit countries such as Iran and Syria. We should as this question to ourselves: What is it that we are trying to do without freedom? Or did we already forget the lessons we have derived from the 20th century!
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- Heading of the ŞALOM newspaper with number 2851, year 55 18 AUGUST.004.
- When the decisions adopted lately by the American congress are about this matter are reviewed, it is understood that decisions are taken to punish Syria for occupying Lebanon
Comment
IN THE MEMORY OF TERROR VICTIMS*
Posted by:
cetinbayatli
at
2005-04-01
Many of the persons having followed up political sociology are aware of the fact that the I-II World Wars were wars of sharing. The super powers of that time have started a process of sharing “with the motive of state”. The power shall determine the discharges after the end of big wars and then the main actors shall either become eve more powerful or they will be defeated, worn out and they will withdraw (just like the example of Russia). In this manner, we observe that in time, the geographical borders change. During the end of 80’s and the beginning of 90’s, we all witnessed the collapse of one of the biggest actors of the old era. It is not possible to talk about a bipolar world anymore. The competition has ended with the victory of liberal democracy. The collapse and division of Russia caught the interest of businessmen in the developed countries of the world. They directed their attention to the Central Asian Republics (the brother republics). The world then started to have a more peaceful vision for the future with the hope of revival. The US forgot about while global peace while it spent all its energy to prevent global war. In the opinion of Pentagon strategists, to the extent that they were related with the matters, the status of America, having the only super power army of the world was not something to be operated; rather it was something to be preserved and hence the future was something unknown, they presumed that they had to be protected against all possible futures and all possibilities. When they presumed that certain big enemies could have emerged in the long run, they decided that the best policy for America would be to wait and see what would happen.
This was better than consuming valuable resources for controlling the world. The big strategy was to avoid big strategies. I know it could seem unbelievable but many people were presuming that various “big plans” were pursued by US. However, what is amazing is that, we run after a vision to replace what America had fought for so many years to stand against the Soviet Power. Until 9/11, the concepts adopted by Pentagon for the perception of the world in a detailed manner were “anarchy” and “uncertainty” pursuing the impossibility to have a perspective opinion about the world in the potential future. Until 9/11, we had at least an enemy to whom we could connect all this “anarchy” and “uncertainty”. This was at least no somebody created in absolute meaning, it was an enemy that still permitted us to define and assume terrible futures that had to be prevented.(1)
After the tragedy of 9/11, which took the lives of more than 2,800 people, the signals for the beginning of World War II were observed. The bandit countries were determined and a new concept against “Terrorism” was constituted (2). You can now find the enemy at your home! And this enemy is not a country, it’s a way of thinking – way of life! This was briefly named as the Islamic terror or the Islamist Terror. Yes, this is a conflict of new value systems in a way. Let’s read how Samuel P. Huntington expresses this conflict:
The basic problem for the west is not Islamic fundamentalism. This problem is Islam itself, in other words, it is a different civilization in which its population is persuaded about the superiority of their culture and has transformed their lack of power into an obsession. The problem of Islam on the other hand is not CIA or the US Ministry of Defense, but it’s the West itself; they believe in the universality of their culture, which is true and they believe that their superior power, Which has become somewhat weaker in time, imposes on the obligation to spread this culture to the World. These are the basic factors lying behind the conflict of Islam and the West (3 ).
Terrorism has gained a new global dimension. The states on the other hand are trying to prevent mass destruction weapons and threats of global terrorism in a more careful manner and with more serious budgets. The biggest indicator of this is the mission assumed by the military coalition of NATO to respond and prevent the threats of mass destruction weapons (4). Well!
Will all these measures taken be able to prevent the terror that is much likely to be seen? I don’t think so. This is because of the fact that the source and focus of point of terrorism are civil persons. In other words, those that make terrorist attacks are comprised of civil persons (and specifically persons that have been trained in the West. The main question that should be asked is: which factors push these well educated people into the network of international terrorism? Before copying the answer provided by Samuel P. Huntington let us review the reasons that lie behind that change of methods of attacks? For instance, why were the same or similar methods not adopted during the Cold War Era if the problem lay with Islam? For instance, I cannot understand by Bin Ladin, fighting against the Russians in Afghanistan did not attack Kremilin by airplanes! Islam represents a religious value system and just like other religions, it shall incorporate in itself its self protection mechanisms such as (holy war in case of danger). What is it that transforms this mechanism into a global threat? Or is this a type of “Ladinism”?
Yes, at least the first thing that comes to one’s mind when people say airplane attacks shall be Bin – Ladin. Well! What kinds of measures should be taken against the concepts that I address as “Ladinizm”? It shall be possible to answer this question by developing human rights while taking cultural diversity into consideration the, determining the boundaries of freedom of dialogue and cooperation between People-Security forces. Finally, Islam and Ladinismm should be separated from each other We should not forget that Ladinism is a perverted perception nourishing itself from Islamic religious resources.
*Dedicated in the memory of all those having lost their lives in terrorist attacks an especially to the victims of 9/11.
- Thomas P.M.BARNETT, The Pentagon’s New Map, War and Pease ın The twenty – fırst century.2004.Putnam. page : 1-2
- Ahmet Emin DAĞ, Dictionary of International Relations Diplomacy, Anka press, 2004, page 395.
- Samuel P. Huntington, translated by Mehmet Turhan, Y.Z. Cem Soydemir, Clash of Civilizations and the establishment of a new world order,3rd edition, Okyanus press,2004,page.322.
- See: NATO in the 21st century, NATO Office Of Information and Pres/ Bruxelles. page 18